C11 Homeostasis, Disease and Body Defence

B9.3      Homeostasis:

1. Know that homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, and appreciate its importance in multicellular animals.
2. Understand the concept of negative feedback in the context of homeostasis.
3. Know and understand the regulation of blood glucose levels, including the role of insulin and glucagon.
4. Understand the main features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and how type 1 diabetes can be treated.
5. Know and understand the regulation of water content (including the role of ADH) and the regulation of body temperature.

B9.5      Disease and body defence:

1. Communicable diseases:
2. Know that communicable diseases are caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protists and fungi.
3. Understand the transmission routes of sexually transmitted infections, including the effect on the immune system of HIV which results in AIDS.

iii.  Understand the treatment of disease, including the use of antibiotics, vaccines (role of dead and inactive pathogens, antibody production and formation of memory cells) and techniques to prevent the spread of pathogens including HIV.

1. Understand the process of discovery and development of new medicines and vaccines, including pre-clinical and clinical testing.
2. Non-communicable diseases:
3. Know that the following diseases are caused by the interaction of many factors: cardiovascular disease, many forms of cancer, some lung and liver diseases and diseases influenced by nutrition, including type 2 diabetes.
4. Know that cardiovascular disease can be treated/managed using lifelong medication (including statins, anti-coagulants and anti-hypertensive drugs), surgical procedures (including stents and bypass for coronary heart disease), and lifestyle changes (including reducing smoking, more exercise and a balanced diet).